The fight began over a girl. Or online insults. Or because high school is a bubbling caldron of energies that can overflow at any provocation, without regard to rules. And those rules were clear: No violence.

Chris Valmonte learned this the day he was surrounded in the cafeteria at Kentridge High School, threw a punch to ward off his attackers and wound up suspended. Two years later, when his sister was jumped during dismissal, she remembered Chris’ punishment, refused to push back and ended up with a concussion, her budding athletic career dashed.

“What should I do if something like that happens to me?” the Valmontes’ younger brother, David, then an eighth-grader, asked his mother. “What are kids supposed to do if they’re attacked?”

Mary Valmonte did not know how to answer. She brought her son’s question to the Kent School Board. They couldn’t answer, either.

That realization was among the factors behind Kent School District’s difficult journey to confront discipline — not only how to handle students trying to protect themselves, but everyday issues: students who talk back to teachers, defy the rules, fight, disrupt class.

The Valmontes were hardly the only family to complain — Kent schools had been the subject of an NAACP lawsuit for handcuffing and pepper-spraying students not long before — but their case was the final straw.

And while Kent’s discipline policies are still a work in progress, in the three years since Valmonte spoke before the School Board the district has managed to cut suspensions by more than 30 percent.

Instead of the old, zero-tolerance approach, principals now have more discretion to weigh the factors behind kids’ behavior. School-safety officers act as mediators rather than just security guards. And many of the violations that once sent teenagers home for a week, or a month, get addressed through in-school suspension — generally, a drab classroom where students spend entire days reflecting on their poor choices and, in theory, keeping up with classwork.

Complex issue

To varying degrees, and for varying reasons, many Washington school districts are engaged in similar efforts because, to put it plainly, suspending kids doesn’t work.

A growing mountain of national data suggests that punitive discipline that removes kids from school leads to lower graduation rates. No surprise. Students who mouth off to teachers, or fight, or cut class are typically the least engaged in classwork. Sending them home without any sort of tutoring or oversight guarantees that they will be further behind upon return, which means discipline aimed at punishment actually appears to push kids toward failure, even for minor offenses.

“It’s just common sense — if kids aren’t in school, they’re not learning and we’re putting them at greater risk,” said Chris Loftis, a spokesman for Kent schools.

A Texas study found that 31 percent of suspended students repeat a grade; 10 percent ultimately drop out.

Last year, the children’s advocacy group Washington Appleseed said in a report that every seat in Safeco Field could be filled with Washington students suspended or expelled from public schools during 2009-10. The vast majority were not disciplined for anything directly imperiling safety, like carrying a weapon, but minor offenses, such as refusing to remove a hat.

“In all honesty, almost everything in discipline is quite subjective,” said Kate Mosehauer, author of the report. “Often, it’s not anything that relates to safety. That’s what we’re seeing for the first time — nearly 50,000 kids being excluded from school for things like having a cellphone in class. That’s what’s really shocking.”

These numbers, however, are merely the tip of a very jagged iceberg. The question of how to handle discipline touches every hot button in education: race; societal forces outside the classroom; and the autonomy of teachers.

Seemingly obvious remedies — like keeping kids connected to academics with in-school suspensions — may shine up the statistics, but don’t necessarily create an improved atmosphere. Teachers say they are in an impossible bind: held accountable for improving student test scores, while increasingly discouraged from sending disruptive kids out of the classroom.

“Sure, our numbers look great,” said Sue McCabe, president of the teachers union in Highline Public Schools, which, like the Kent and Federal Way school districts, is moving away from removing students. “But is behavior better? No, it’s worse. We’ve got kids saying ‘There are no suspensions anymore so we can do whatever we want.’ We’re in a pressure-cooker, and it’s boiling.”

‘Deserve an education’

In Washington, these difficulties are compounded by the fact that students of different races tend to be disciplined differently — for the same offense.

Kent is no exception. More than one-third of the 475 youths suspended for “defiance” last school year were black, though African Americans comprise only 12 percent of the district’s student population. By contrast, white students written up for “defiance” were more often given a warning with no loss of class time.

Seattle Public Schools has been under federal investigation for similar disparities since 2012.

“Behavior is a diversity issue — kids from some groups behave differently than others,” said Loftis, the Kent spokesman. “But every one of them deserves an education, instead of being pushed out and told ‘You don’t conform.’ ”

Part of the problem stems from a lack of data. Historically, schools had to report only a narrow range of serious incidents involving drugs, weapons or violence — the ones nearly everyone agrees should result in a student’s removal from school.

Yet of the 72,230 suspensions and expulsions recorded statewide during 2012-13, more than 52 percent were for a category called “other” in which black students are overrepresented, more than any other race or ethnic group.

“This is where we see discipline for ‘defiance’ or ‘disobedience,’ and this is also where the discretion of educators comes into play,” said Tim Stensager, director of data governance at the Washington state Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction. “It makes us wonder, exactly what is it that they’re really being kicked out for?”

Frankly troubled by such questions, Stensager has spent months presenting this information to educators and lawmakers. Olympia has taken notice. This past Tuesday, members of the House Education Committee were visiting with students in Kent schools, trying to gather their own impressions.

Inconsistency in the crime-punishment equation — open to interpretation by whichever administrator may be meting out sanctions — undoubtedly contributes to the problem. In some places, a student suspected of smoking marijuana might get a stern warning and a counseling session. In Kent, such an infraction used to mean the most stringent punishment short of expulsion — up to 40 days out of school, the equivalent of two months’ instruction.

“You don’t come back from that,” Ray Jenkins, a school-safety officer at Kent-Meridian High, said while escorting a baby-faced class-cutter suspected of smoking pot toward the in-school suspension room.

“This is not supposed to be fun,” said Yvonne Ulrich-Pierce, who oversees the program. “The most important thing to me is that students not like this place.”

Discipline disparities

In-school suspension became Kent’s preferred answer for high-school kids in the wake of Mary Valmonte’s question to the School Board. After that awkward moment, the district convened a committee of teachers, administrators, children’s advocates and community members who buried themselves in discipline data and legalese.

“This was long overdue,” said School Board member Maya Vengadasalam.

The committee met each month for a year, and by many accounts it was an ugly process. Tempers flared. Sessions scheduled to last 60 minutes often stretched to an emotional three hours. Some members were furious that the school district, with its long history of racial friction, shied from tackling discipline disparities between black and white students.

“The same problems that existed 25 years ago exist today,” said Mel Tate, who is African American and once served as the district’s ombudsman on discipline. “Why are we still fighting this battle?”